Apistogramma, commonly known as apistos or dwarf cichlids, are among the most popular tropical freshwater fish in the aquarium hobby. These small, strikingly beautiful fish are an excellent choice for intermediate and experienced aquarists. Even better, there’s a wide array of Apistogramma species to explore, each with its own colors, personalities, and care requirements.
This guide provides an in-depth look at the most popular Apisto species, their care requirements, and breeding strategies for success.
Species Overview
Apistogrammas are vibrantly colored, lively, and interactive fish that can bring life and character to a well-maintained community aquarium. They belong to the Cichlidae family and originate from the slow-moving rivers, streams, and shallow lake edges of the Amazon Basin in South America.
With over 90 known species—and more being discovered—there’s plenty of variety for aquarists to enjoy. Though they thrive in similar environments, each species has distinct features that make them unique and identifiable.
Popular Apistogramma Species
Apistogramma cacatuoides (Cockatoo Dwarf Cichlid)
These popular fish are named for the males’ spiky, upright dorsal fins that resemble a cockatoo’s crest. Their vivid yellow bodies, red-spotted fins, and bold “racing stripe” make them one of the most colorful apistos. They’re also relatively easy to breed in captivity.
Apistogramma agassizii
This species showcases glittering gold bodies with black horizontal stripes and occasional red-tipped tails. They can also display blue and yellow color morphs. Slightly more territorial than others, they need ample space to thrive.
Apistogramma borellii (Umbrella Cichlid)
With muted yellow hues, blue accents on the fins, and red-blue facial markings, these peaceful fish are hardy and ideal for community tanks.
Apistogramma macmasteri
Macmasteri males have large dorsal and pelvic fins with red-tipped edges and a dark body stripe. Captive-bred specimens often display more vibrant colors than their wild counterparts.
Apistogramma hongsloi
Known for their soft pink faces, bright red body streaks, and red facial swirls, these peaceful fish spend most of their time patrolling the lower aquarium levels.
Apistogramma viejita
Often confused with macmasteri, viejita are recognized by their round flowing tail fins and distinctive dorsal hump. They are brightly colored and covered with red and black speckles.
Apistogramma baenschi (Inca Apisto)
Discovered in 2002, this species has large heads and lips, bold orange tail bands, and darker coloration with yellow or blue bodies. They are slightly larger than most apistos.
Apistogramma elizabethae
Known as the “fisherman’s dwarf,” males have long flowing fins that merge with their spade-shaped tails. Their bodies are adorned with gold-blue speckles and red facial markings.
Apistogramma trifasciata
The “three-striped apisto” features bold black body bands paired with bright blue and yellow coloring. Some also display red highlights on their fins and faces.
Lifespan
With proper care, Apistogrammas typically live between 5 to 10 years, depending on the species and environmental conditions. Stable water parameters, a balanced diet, and a low-stress environment are key to longevity.
Appearance and Size
Apistos are admired for their dazzling colors—yellow, gold, red, and blue being most common. They’re sexually dimorphic, with males being larger and more vividly colored, especially during breeding. Females display more intense coloration when spawning.
Typical size: 0.8 to 3.1 inches
Average adult size: ~3 inches
Apistogramma Care Guide
Tank Size
While some may be kept in smaller tanks, 30 gallons or more is ideal for a group. These fish are territorial, so space and layout are crucial.
General rule: 1 inch of fish per 1 gallon of water
Water Parameters
Apistos are sensitive to shifts in water chemistry. Recreate Amazon-like conditions with:
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Temperature: 72–86°F
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pH: 6.0–7.0
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Hardness: 2–15 dKH (species-dependent)
Tip: Perform 30% weekly water changes and test parameters regularly.
Tank Setup
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Substrate: Fine sand (ideal for digging)
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Plants: Java fern, cryptocoryne, java moss
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Decor: Driftwood, caves, rocks, leaf litter
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Lighting: Low to moderate
Filtration
Use a gentle yet effective filter. Canister filters with carbon media are recommended. Avoid strong currents—many apistos won’t spawn in flowing water.
Diet and Feeding
Apistogrammas are omnivores. In nature, they feed on insects, fry, larvae, and algae.
Best Diet:
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Staple: High-quality sinking pellets or flakes
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Supplements: Frozen or live brine shrimp, daphnia, bloodworms
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Avoid: Very small shrimp (like cherry shrimp)—they will be eaten!
Feed small portions 1–2 times daily and remove uneaten food.
Health and Disease
While generally hardy, apistos are susceptible to common freshwater illnesses like:
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Ich (white spot disease)
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Bacterial infections
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Parasites
Prevention Tips:
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Maintain excellent water quality
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Quarantine new fish or plants
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Avoid overfeeding
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Reduce stress
Behavior and Temperament
Apistogrammas are semi-aggressive but generally peaceful if properly housed. They are territorial, especially during breeding. Disputes usually arise over space, not dominance.
Key behavioral traits:
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Bottom-dwellers
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Highly territorial
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Male aggression possible—especially in cramped tanks
Compatible Tank Mates
Choose peaceful fish that occupy other water levels. Avoid large, aggressive species.
Ideal companions:
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Other apistos (in groups or pairs)
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Neon tetras
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Rasboras
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Corydoras catfish
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Cardinal tetras
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Large freshwater snails (e.g., nerites, mystery snails)
Best practice: Keep 1 male with 2–3 females to avoid aggression.
Breeding Apistogrammas
Many apistos readily breed in captivity. Most are cave spawners, with a few being mouthbrooders.
Breeding Setup:
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Tank: 10 gallons, separate from the main aquarium
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Water flow: Low
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Temperature: ~80°F
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Hiding places: Clay pots, caves, dense plants
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Filter safety: Use sponge-covered outlets
Spawning:
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Female lays up to 80 eggs in a hidden cave
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Male guards the territory, female tends to the eggs
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Eggs hatch in 2–5 days, fry become free-swimming shortly after
Fry Care:
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Start feeding with infusoria or baby brine shrimp
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Fry grow rapidly and reach adult size in ~5 months
Final Thoughts
Apistogrammas are truly some of the most visually captivating and behaviorally engaging fish in the freshwater aquarium world. Their color, intelligence, and breeding behaviors make them a rewarding choice for dedicated aquarists.
While they may not be ideal for complete beginners, any aquarist willing to invest in proper care, water management, and habitat design will be richly rewarded by keeping these fascinating dwarf cichlids.
